Makalah Morphology Compound Vs Phrase

1. Compound

1.1.Definition of Compound

Compound is a word formed of two or more words that can be a combination of noun with another noun or part of speech where the results of these combinations produce a new meaning.[1]

A compound is a complex lexeme that can be thought of as consisting of two or more base lexemes. In the simplest case, a compound consists of two lexemes that are joined together (called compound members). several types of combinations of different word-classes (N: noun, A: adjective, V: verb), but not all such combinations are possible.

N + N lipstick (lip + stick)

A + N hardware (hard + ware)

V + N drawbridge (draw + bridge)

N + V babysit (baby + sit)

N + A leadfree (lead + free)

A + A bitter-sweet (bitter + sweet)

Compounding rules may differ in productivity. In English, the N + N pattern is extremely productive, so novel compounds are created all the time and are hardly noticed. By contrast, the V + N pattern is unproductive and limited to a few lexically listed items, and the N + V pattern is not really productive either. For instance, one cannot say to hair-wash ‘wash one’s hair’, and the small handful of examples like babysit are mostly backformations from nouns, and are not produced directly by N + V compounding rules. However, there are many languages (especially morphologically rich, polysynthetic languages) that do allow compounds in which the notional object and the verb form a compound. Such compounding processes are called noun incorporation[2]

Mihalicek and Wilson(2011), compounding is the process of forming a new word not by adding afiixes but by combining two more stand-alone.

Andrew Spencer and Arnold M.Zwicky, a word consisting of two or more words but they add that the meaning of a compound word sometimes corresponds to the meaning of each word.E.g.: Swimmingpool, the meaning of swimmingpool is clearly that swimming: renang, pool: kolam renang. The meaning of the word is clearly explained although the meaning of compound words is often difficult to predicate. E.g.: Window-shop, the meaning of this word does not mean window shopping but the meaning is to walk in front of stores and look at the products displayed in the windows without buying anything.

1.2. Types of Compound

Since English is a mostly analytic language, unlike most other Germanic languages, it creates compounds by concatenating words without case markers. As in other Germanic languages, the compounds may be arbitrarily long. However, this is obscured by the fact that the written representation of long compounds always contains spaces. Short compounds may be written in three different ways, which do not correspond to different pronunciations, however:

· The "solid" or "closed" forms in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consist of short (monosyllabic) units that often have been established in the language for a long time. Examples are housewife, lawsuit, wallpaper, basketball, etc.

· The hyphenated form in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Compounds that contain affixes, such as house-build(er) and single-mind(ed)(ness), as well as adjective-adjective compounds and verb-verb compounds, such as blue-green and freeze-dried, are often hyphenated. Compounds that contain articles, prepositions or conjunctions, such as rent-a-cop, mother-of-pearl and salt-and-pepper, are also often hyphenated.

· The open or spaced form consisting of newer combinations of usually longer words, Words are open but when read together, a new meaning is formed such as ice cream, player piano, middle class etc.

Usage in the US and in the UK differs and often depends on the individual choice of the writer rather than on a hard-and-fast rule; therefore, open, hyphenated, and closed forms may be encountered for the same compound noun, such as the triplets container ship/container-ship/containership and particle board/particle-board/particleboard.

In addition to this native English compounding, there is the classical type, which consists of words derived from Latin, as horticulture, and those of Greek origin, such as photography, the components of which are in bound form (connected by connecting vowels, which are most often -i- and -o- in Latin and Greek respectively) and cannot stand alone.[3]

1.3. Compound Combination

Modifier	Head	Compound
noun	noun	football
adjective	noun	blackboard
verb	noun	breakwater
preposition	noun	Underworld,out-Herod, out-fox
noun	adjective	snow white
adjective	adjective	blue-green
verb	adjective	Tumbledown,whitewash, blacklist, foulmouth
preposition	adjective	over-ripe
noun	verb	Browbeat, sidestep, manhandle
adjective	verb	highlight
verb	verb	freeze-dry
preposition	verb	Undercut,overrate, underline, outrun
noun	preposition	love-in
adverb	preposition	forthwith
verb	preposition	takeout
preposition	preposition	withou

2. Phrase

2.1.Definition Of phrase

“A phrase is a small group of words that forms a meaningful unit within a clause.” Oxford Dictionary

Phrase which is sequence M+H not Subject + Verb. By understanding the form , we will easier to make a varian of phrase. Phrase is pattern word that already content of understanding. [4]

Some example of phrases:

My roommate is cleaning our room.

The novel on the table is mine.

The man who with the black coat is my former.

2.2.Types of Phrase

Based on the use phrase devided by 4 :

1.Noun Phrase

a phrase that acts like a noun in the sentence. It containts a noun and other associated words (Usually determiners and modifiers) which modify the noun.a noun phrase comprises of a noun as a head-word and other related words may come before or after the noun. The entire phrase serves as noun in a sentence.E.g.:

§ They hired a huge beautiful home. (as object)

§ Anita bought a decent blach shirt. (as object)

§ One of our close relatives never drinks coffee. (as subject)

§ A woman in the window shouted for help. (as subject)

A sentence can also consist of more than one noun phrase. Such as : one of our close friends bought a beautiful red car.

2.Adjective Phrase

A phrase that acts like an adjective in a sentence. Like an adjectiveit modifies (adds to meaning of) a noun or pronoun. It comprises of adjectives,modifiers,and other words modifying the noun or pronoun. E.g.:

§ Hilya bought a beautiful brown chair.

§ He gave me a cup full of tea.

§ A lady with long hair is walking in the garden.

3.Adverbial Phrase

A phrase that acts like an adverb in a sentence. Like an adverb, it modies a verb or other adverb in the sentence. It containts an adverb and other words which as a whole , act as an adverb phrase. E.g.:

§ Aksan drives car in a very high speed.

§ Raoda always speaks in a respectful way.

§ They sat beside their mother.

4.Prepositional Phrase

A phrase comprising a preposition and object of preposition (noun or pronoun) .it may also contain other modiers. Can acts as adverb and adjective.E.g.:

§ I longed to live near the sea.

§ The dog was hiding under the kitchen table.[5]

3. Compound Vs Phrase

§ Stress patterns may distinguish a compound word from a noun phrase consisting of the same component words. For example, a black board, adjective plus noun, is any board that is black, and has equal stress on both elements. The compound blackboard, on the other hand, though it may have started out historically as black board, now is stressed on only the first element, black. Thus a compound such as the White House normally has a falling intonation which a phrase such as a white house does not.

§ hyphenation applies to compounds, not phrases (...because:)

§ a compound acts as a unit, with its own meaning (combines not only lexical units, but also meaning)

§ a compound is a unit of meaning, in that it cannot be separated without taking on a significantly different meaning (they are generally non-compositional). This inseparability is why they can be written as a single word, or with a hyphen.

§ Some compounds exist because of a sort of slightly misled lexicalization from repeated use, bastardization, or such.

§ Phrases can become compounds when people know and use the combination more than its parts.

§ dictionaries will generally list compounds, and rarely list phrases .[6]